Checklist of Suborder Polyphaga Emery, 1886 (Polyphags)
for Toamasina Province (Madagascar)
List of families for Toamasina Province
34 Families width 73 Species and 3 Subspecies
| Elateridae Leach, 1815 | Click Beetle | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 | Dung beetles | 14 | Species | Taxom | | Buprestidae Leach, 1815 | Flat-headed wood-borers | 4 | Species | Taxom | | Trogossitidae Latreille, 1802 | Bark gnawing beetle | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Tenebrionidae (Latreille, 1802) | Darkling Beetle | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Chrysomelidae (Latreille, 1802) | Casebearers | 4 | Species | Taxom | | Brentidae Billberg, 1820 | Brenthidae | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Anthicidae Latreille, 1819 | Ant beetles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Curculionidae Latreille, 1802 | Ambrosia beetles | 3 | Species | Taxom | | Bostrichidae Latreille, 1802 | Auger beetles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802 | Long Horn beetles | 17 | Species | Taxom | | Lymexylidae Fleming, 1821 | Ship-timber beetle | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Anthribidae Billberg, 1820 | Fungus Weevil | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Erotylidae Latreille, 1802 | Pleasing Fungus Beetle | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 | Coccinelles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Endomychidae Leach, 1815 | False Ladybirds | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Dermestidae (Hope, 1840) | Carpet beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ptinidae Latreille, 1802 | Death-watch and Spider Beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Psephenidae Lacordaire, 1854 | Water pennies | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Zopheridae Solier, 1834 | Cylindrical bark beetles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Attelabidae Billberg, 1820 | Leaf Rolling Weevil | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ptilodactylidae Laporte, 1836 | Ptilodactylid beetles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Hydraenidae Mulsant, 1844 | Cascade Beetles | 15 | Species | Taxom | | Ripiphoridae Gemminger & ..., 1870 | Rhipiphoridae | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Lycidae (Laporte, 1836) | Lycid beetles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Ochodaeidae Mulsant & Rey, 1870 | Sand-loving scarab beetle | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cleridae Latreille, 1802 | Checkered Beetle | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Staphylinidae Lameere, 1900 | Rove beetles | 5 | Species | Taxom | | Melandryidae Leach, 1815 | False Darkling Beetle | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Pleocomidae LeConte, 1861 | Rain beetle | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Elmidae (Curtis, 1830) | Drive beetles | 0 | Species | Taxom | | Lucanidae Latreille, 1804 | Stag Beetle | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Hybosoridae Erichson, 1847 | Pill scarab beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cantharidae Imhoff, 1856 | Cantharids | 0 | Species | Taxom |
Genera for Toamasina Province
221 Genera with 73 Species
| Abiphis Fleutiaux, 1926 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Adelocera Latreille, 1829 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Adorodocia Brenske, 1893 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Agrilus Curtis, 2002 | | 3 | Species | Taxom | | Agrypnus Eschscholtz, 1829 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Alindria Erichson, 1844 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Allecula Fabricius, 1787 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Alphidia Clark, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Amerismus Lacordaire, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Anthicus Paykull, 1798 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Anthobaphus Faust, 1899 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Apate Fabricius, 1775 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Apomecyna Latreille, 1829 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Asidobothris Fairmaire, 1886 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Aspidomorpha Agassiz, 1848 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Asthenopoda Chatanay, 1914 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Atractocerus Straneo, 1939 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Atybe Pascoe, 1864 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Aulacoderes Chevrolat, 1839 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Aulacotoma Quentin & Vi..., 1892 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Bagous Germar, 1817 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Basidissus Fairmaire, 1897 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Batocera Castelnau, 1775 | Flat-faced longhorns | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Batrachorhina Chevrolat, 1842 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Brachydora Obenberger, 1923 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Bradymerus Perroud & Mo..., 1864 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Callimaria Fairmaire, 1888 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Callimation Blanchard, 1844 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Camariodes Léon Fairmaire, 1869 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Candezea Chapuis, 1879 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Caranistes Schoenherr, 1839 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cardiodacne Philipp, 1965 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cardiotarsus Eschscholtz, 1836 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cassida Linnaeus, 1799 | Tortoise Beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cedemon Gahan, 1890 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ceropria Castelnau & ..., 1831 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Chatanayus Fleutiaux, 1939 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Chemolanus Frederick Bates, 1879 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Chilocorus Leach, 1815 | Red-spotted lady beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Chloropholus Chevrolat, 1843 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Closterus Audinet-Serv..., 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Coelaenomenodera Blanchard, 1845 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Colasposoma Laporte, 1833 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Coptops Serville, 1835 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Coxelinus Fairmaire, 1913 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cratopus Schoenherr, 1826 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Crepicardus Hyslop, 1921 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cycloteres Schoenherr, 1843 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Cymones Gorham, 1866 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dactylispa Weise, 1897 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Damatris de Laporte, 1840 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dere White, 1903 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dermestes Linnaeus, 1774 | larder beetle | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Derographium Jordan, 1903 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Desmidophorus Dejean, 1835 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Diadelia Waterhouse, 1882 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Diastatotropis Lacordaire, 2019 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Dicladispa Gestro, 1897 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1787 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dignomus Wollaston, 1856 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dinosius Fairmaire, 1904 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dorygonus Candeze, 1859 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Drocleana Bates, 1879 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Dynastes MacLeay, 1789 | Hercules Beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ectopria LeConte, 1853 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Endomia Laporte, 1840 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Enedreytes Schönherr, 1839 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Enneadesmus Mulsant, 1851 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Entaphioides Fairmaire, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Epirochroa Fairmaire, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Epitaphius Fairmaire, 1898 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Euchroea Burmeister, 1842 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Eugnoristus Schoenherr, 1838 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Eugrapheus Fairmaire, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Euthysternum Jean Chatanay, 1914 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Eutochia LeConte, 1862 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Exocentrus Dejean, 1864 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Frea Thomson, 1833 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Gestronella Weise, 1911 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Goephanes Pascoe, 1862 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Grandemonomma Freude, 1957 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Haplocorynus Faust, 1889 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Heterobostrychus Lesne, 1899 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hexodon Olivier, 1912 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Holobrachys Léon Fairmaire, 1869 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Holophloeus Jordan, 1928 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Homoeonychus Faust, 1890 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hoplapoderus Jekel, 1860 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hoplideres Audinet-Serv..., 1832 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hoplidosterus Gilmour, 1962 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hoplomelas Fairmaire, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hovacassis Spaeth, 2002 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hovactyla Fairmaire, 1901 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hovaliana Laboissière, 1932 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Hydraena Kugelann, 2017 | | 9 | Species | Taxom | | Hyperchalca Léon Fairmaire, 1869 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Idernus Fairmaire, 1903 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ischyromerus Labram and I..., 1838 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ivongius Harold, 1964 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Jacobyanella Laboissière, 1924 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Laccoptera Boheman, 1855 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lactica Erichson, 1847 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Laena Dejean, 1973 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lagenoderus White, 1841 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lanurgus Eggers, 1920 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lasiocercis Waterhouse, 1882 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Laurenticola Philipp, 1965 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Leichenum Dejean, 1833 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lemuricedus Jordan, 1911 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Leontiprionus Quentin & Vi..., 1973 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lichenophanes Lesne, 1899 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lilioceris Reitter, 1845 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Limnebius Leach, 2017 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Litomeces Murray, 1922 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Lixus Fabricius, 1882 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Luperodes Motschulsky, 1858 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Macrosiagon Hentz, 1830 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Madadacne Philipp, 1965 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Madagaster Perkins, 2017 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Madecorphnus Paulian, 2014 | | 3 | Species | Taxom | | Mastododera Blanchard, 1833 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Mechistocerus Fauvel, 1863 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Megalofrea Aurivillius, 1920 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Megasticus Vives, 1889 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Metriorhynchus Guérin-Ménév..., 1838 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Micurus Fairmaire, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Mimatybe Breuning, 1957 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Mimolagrida Breuning, 1947 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Mimonthophagus Balthasar, 1832 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Mitosoma Chapuis, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Myrcina Chapuis, 1875 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Myrmecoclytus Fairmaire, 1895 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Neodera Duvivier, 1891 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Neseremnus Marshall, 1921 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Nesogena Mäklin, 1863 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Nethinius Fairmaire, 2007 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Nicarete Thomson, 1864 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Nisotra Baly, 1864 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Nossioecus Harold, 1877 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Notosacantha Chevrolat, 1836 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Notoxus Geoffroy, 1762 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ochodaeus Serville, 2019 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ochthebius Leach, 1898 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Opilo Latreille, 1802 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ozodecerus Chevrolat, 1839 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Paederus Fabricius, 1775 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pallenis Laporte de C..., 1836 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Paradaemon Csiki, 1924 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Paradiadelia Breuning, 1940 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phacecerus Schoenherr, 1840 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Philonthus Stephens, 1829 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phloeobius Schoenherr, 1823 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phlyctenosis Quentin & Vi..., 1973 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pholidochlamys Lacordaire, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phonapate Lesne, 1895 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phrosyne Murray, 1834 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phrynoidius Faimaire, 1897 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Phymasterna Laporte de C..., 1840 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Physoma Chapuis, 1875 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Piazocnemis Lacordaire, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Platyclerus Spinola, 1841 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pleocoma LeConte, 1870 | Rain Beetles | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Polybothris Spinola, 1836 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Potamodytes Grouvelle, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Proephebocerus Calabresi, 1920 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Promethis Pascoe, 1869 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Prosopocoelus Parry, 1825 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Prosopocoilus Westwood, 1817 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Protorhopala Thomson, 1860 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Protozantaena Perkins, 2009 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pseudobalaninus Faust, 1889 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pseudogena Léon Fairmaire, 1899 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pseudoleptaleus Pic, 1901 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pseudonotoxus Pic, 1900 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Pseudorphnus Benderitter, 1976 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Pseudosynarmostes | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Ranova Thomson, 1864 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Rhaibogria Borchmann, 1936 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Rhembastus Harold, 1877 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Rhinaria Kirby, 1904 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Rhinosomphus Fairmaire, 1896 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Sambirania Obenberger, 1942 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Sapintus Casey, 1895 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Scolytoplatypus Schaufuss, 1891 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Scotosus Fairmaire, 1901 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Silidius Gorham, 1883 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Sphaeroderma Stephens, 1831 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Stathmodera Gahan, 1890 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Stellognatha Laporte de C..., 1795 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Stenocylidrus Spinola, 1844 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Stenodontes Audinet-Serv..., 1987 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Stenus Latreille, 1840 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Sternocyphus Wolfrum, 1961 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Stigmatrachelus Schoenherr, 1840 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Storeosomus Lacordaire, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Stroggylosternum Kleine, 1922 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Strongylium Kirby, 1819 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Sulenus Lacordaire, 1872 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Sybra Pascoe, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Sybriacosoma Jacoby, 1895 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Temnolaimus Chevrolat, 1839 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Tetrapleurus Bernhauer, 1902 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Thaumasesthes Fairmaire, 1894 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Thinocharis Kraatz, 2014 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Tophoderellus Wolfrum, 1959 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Tophoderes Dejean, 1834 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Trachelophorus Jekel, 1860 | | 2 | Species | Taxom | | Trachycyphus Fairmaire, 1901 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Trichophysis Quentin & Vi..., 1880 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Triodontus Westwood, 1852 | | 4 | Species | Taxom | | Trochoideus Westwood, 1833 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Tunicopterus Tikhomirova, 1968 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Uloma Dejean, 1834 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Xenoon Alonso-Zarazaga, 1986 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Xiphispa Chapuis, 1878 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864 | Pinhole borers | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Xyloperthodes Lesne, 1906 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Xylopsocus Lesne, 1901 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Xylothrips Lesne, 1901 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Zetophloeus Lacordaire, 1865 | | 1 | Species | Taxom | | Zulphis Fairmaire, 1893 | | 1 | Species | Taxom |
Species list for Toamasina Province
73 Species and 3 Subspecies | Agrilus chameleon Curletti, 2002 | | | Agrilus charaxes Obenberger, 1939 | | | Agrilus delmastroi Curletti, 2002 | | | Aulacotoma tenuelimbata Nonfried, 1892 | | | Batocera (Batocera) rufomaculata DeGeer, 1775 | Fig borer | | Callimation venustum Guérin, 1844 | | | Cassida (Crepidaspis) circumdata Herbst, 1799 | Green tortoise beetle | | Closterus denticollis Fairmaire, 1896 | | | Dere lagria Jordan, 1903 | | | Dermestes (Dermestes) ater (DeGeer, 1774) | ⇒ Dermestes olivieri Lepesme, 1939 | | Diastatotropis blazeji Trýzna & And..., 2019 | | | Digitonthophagus gazella Fabricius, 1787 | Brown dung beetle | | Dignomus xylopertha Boieldieu, 1856 | | | Dynastes hercules alcides (Olivier, 1789) | ⇒ Dynastes hercules reidi Chalumeau, 1977 | | Euchroea histrionica Burmeister, 1842 | | | Eugnoristus monachus Schoenherr, 1838 | | | Exocentrus (Oligopsis) exocentroides Thomson, 1864 | | | Frea (Frea) sparsa Klug, 1833 | | | Hexodon latissimum Arrow, 1912 | | | Hoplideres spinipennis Audinet-Serv..., 1832 | | | Hovacassis flavonigra Borowiec, 2002 | | | Hydraena bispica Perkins, 2017 | | | Hydraena dilutipes Fairmaire, 1898 | | | Hydraena impressicollis Fairmaire, 1898 | | | Hydraena orchisa Perkins, 2017 | | | Hydraena oscillata Perkins, 2017 | | | Hydraena parvispinosa Perkins, 2017 | | | Hydraena pilotumida Perkins, 2017 | | | Hydraena ranarilalatianai Perkins, 2017 | | | Hydraena upsilonica Perkins, 2017 | | | Ivongius suarezius Bechyné, 1964 | | | Laena luprops Kaszab, 1973 | | | Lilioceris (Lilioceris) dimidiaticornis Lacordaire, 1845 | | | Limnebius bergsteni Perkins, 2017 | | | Limnebius maximadus Perkins, 2017 | | | Litomeces gracilis sphecodes Schmidt, 1922 | | | Lixus barbiger Dohrn, 1882 | | | Madagaster cataracta Perkins, 2017 | | | Madecorphnus niger Frolov, 2010 | | | Madecorphnus perinetensis Frolov, 2010 | | | Madecorphnus saintemariensis Frolov, 2014 | | | Mastododera nodicollis Klug, 1833 | | | Megasticus oberthuerii Fairmaire, 1889 | | | Mimonthophagus hinnulus Klug, 1832 | | | Nethinius ballerioi Vitali, 2007 | | | Ochodaeus polypollicatus Paulsen, 2019 | | | Ochthebius perlaevis Perkins, 2017 | | | Ochthebius plicicollis Fairmaire, 1898 | | | Phrosyne viridis Audinet-Serv..., 1834 | | | Pleocoma hirticollis hirticollis hirticollis ..., 1870 | | | Polybothris auropicta Laporte & Gory, 1836 | | | Prosopocoelus serricornis Latreille, 1825 | | | Prosopocoilus (Prosopocoilus) serricornis Latreille, 1817 | | | Protozantaena palpalis Perkins, 2009 | | | Pseudorphnus coquereli Fairmaire, 1868 | | | Pseudorphnus olsoufieffi Paulian, 1976 | | | Pseudosynarmostes mitsinjo Ballerio, 2008 | | | Rhinaria tragocephala Lea, 1904 | | | Stellognatha maculata Olivier, 1795 | | | Stenodontes mallodon (Damoiseau & ..., 1987) | ⇒ Mallodon popelairei Lameere, 1902 | | Stenus (Tesnus) tampolo Janák, 2004 | | | Stenus colonus Erichson, 1840 | | | Tetrapleurus heteroderes Fauvel, 1902 | | | Thinocharis toamasina Lecoq, 2014 | | | Tophoderes frenatus Dejean, 1834 | | | Trachelophorus (Trachelophorus) giraffa Jekel, 1860 | Giraffe weevil | | Trichophysis obscura Waterhouse, 1880 | | | Triodontus alticola Paulian, 1976 | | | Triodontus itremoi Paulian, 1976 | | | Triodontus nitidulus Guérin-Ménev..., 1829 | | | Triodontus owas Westwood, 1852 | | | Tunicopterus sigara ♰ Tikhomirova, 1968 | | | Zulphis subfasciata Fairmaire, 1893 | |
Subnodes of Polyphaga with occurrences in Toamasina Province
Links, sources and further information
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